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What Harlem looked like in the 1930s; A Photographic Journey

The 1930s were a period of profound hardship and cultural endurance for Harlem. The creative energy of the Harlem Renaissance of the 1920s carried on, but it was reshaped by the severe economic realities of the Great Depression. The neighborhood, a center of Black American life, faced immense challenges while also fostering unique forms of community, art, and political activism.

The economic collapse hit Harlem with extreme force. Unemployment rates were higher here than in most other parts of New York City. “For Rent” signs became a common sight on apartment buildings as families struggled to make ends meet. To cope with the financial strain, many residents organized rent parties. These gatherings, held in private apartments, featured music and dancing, and guests would pay a small admission fee to help the hosts pay their rent.

Despite the economic difficulties, Harlem’s cultural life continued to thrive, although in a changed form. The world-famous Savoy Ballroom remained a center of social life. Here, dancers of all backgrounds perfected electrifying swing dances like the Lindy Hop, accompanied by the top big bands in the country. In 1934, the Apollo Theater opened on 125th Street, quickly becoming a premier venue for Black performers. Its “Amateur Night” gave aspiring singers, dancers, and comedians a chance to win over the famously tough Harlem audience.

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The streets of Harlem buzzed with activity. Street corner orators and political organizers drew crowds, speaking about labor rights, social justice, and racial equality. Religious life was also highly visible. Mainstream churches served large congregations, while smaller, more expressive storefront churches became increasingly common, offering spiritual guidance and a strong sense of community. Charismatic religious leaders like Father Divine attracted thousands of followers with promises of food, shelter, and salvation.

The Works Progress Administration (WPA), a New Deal program, had a significant presence in the neighborhood. It employed Black artists, writers, and actors, allowing them to continue their creative work. The Federal Art Project funded the creation of murals in public buildings like the Harlem Hospital, while the Federal Theatre Project staged plays with all-Black casts, providing both employment and accessible cultural experiences for the community. The hardship of the decade also fueled protests, including the Harlem riot of 1935, which was sparked by issues of police brutality and economic inequality.

#2 Manhattan: High Bridge Park and 181st Street bridge, 1939.

#3 Manhattan: 8th Avenue and 155th Street (West), 1939.

#5 Manhattan: 8th Avenue and 155th Street (West), 1939.

#10 Manhattan: 136th Street (West) and Lenox Avenue, 1936.

#11 Manhattan: 139th Street (West) and 5th Avenue, 1934.

#12 Bridges: Washington Bridge viewed from 175th Street and Amsterdam Avenue, with High Bridge in the background, 1934.

#13 Firehouse, Park Avenue and East 135th Street, 1935.

#16 Woman crossing street in Harlem at West 125th Street and Eighth Avenue, 1939.

#17 Harlem Community Art Center, 290 Lenox Avenue, 1939.

#18 Seventh Avenue, looking north from West 125th Street, in Harlem, 1934.

#19 Lenox Fruit & Vegetable Market being picketed by a labor union supporter, Harlem, 1939.

#20 Aerial view of Harlem, looking southeast, possibly from Edgecombe Avenue above Colonial (now Jackie Robinson) Park, 1939.

#21 View of Lenox Avenue, Harlem, at 135th Street, showing businesses, pedestrians, and a shoeshine stand, 1939.

#22 Boarded residential building on the corner of Madison Avenue and East 133rd Street, Harlem, 1938.

#23 Harlem River, Manhattan: View of shoreline from East 118th to 117th Streets, 1935.

#24 Marchers in street during Scottsboro protest parade in Harlem, 1931.

#25 Manhattan: 125th Street (East), Harlem River, and 2nd Avenue, 1935.

#26 Harlem River, Manhattan: 188th Street (West), High Bridge Park, and United Electric Light and Power Company, 1935.

#27 Bill Robinson at ticket campaign with crowd in Harlem, 1935.

#28 Harlem River, Manhattan: 142nd and 144th Streets (West), Public Fuel Service Company, Meenan Coal Company, 1935.

#30 Sugar Hill looking north from Harlem River Houses, 1938.

#33 Bridges: Washington Bridge over the Harlem River and High Bridge, 1939.

#34 Harlem River, Manhattan: East 116th Street, 1937.

#35 Harlem River, Manhattan: East 122nd Street, 1934.

#36 Harlem River, Manhattan: 207th Street (West), 1933.

#38 Harlem River, Manhattan: East 102nd Street, 1934.

#39 Harlem River, Manhattan: East 127th Street, 1931.

#40 Harlem River, High Bridge and 174th Street, 1939.

#41 Harlem River, Manhattan: 155th Street (West) and Harlem Houses, 1937.

#42 Harlem River, Manhattan: 147th Street (West) and Harlem Houses, 1939.

#44 Bridges: Washington Bridge spanning the Harlem River from upper Manhattan at West 181st Street and Amsterdam Avenue to the Bronx, 1932.

#45 Harlem River, Manhattan: 140th to 145th Streets (West), Elm Coal Company, Meenan Coal Company, Public Fuel Service Company, and Stokes Coal Company, 1935.

#46 Scottsboro protest marchers, including picketers bearing signs supporting striking coal miners and social equality for blacks, in Harlem, 1931.

#47 Shoeshiners, 135th Street and Lenox Avenue, 1939.

#51 Pushcart vendors at 145th Street and 8th Avenue, 1939.

#53 African-American children playing on swings at a Harlem playground, 1935.

#54 Black children playing on a street in Harlem, 1930s.

#56 Businesses line Lenox Avenue, crowded with pedestrians in Harlem.

#57 Riots broke out on 125th Street in Harlem amid rumors that police had killed a youth arrested for shoplifting.

#58 Cootie Williams playing the trumpet with Duke Ellington’s band in a Harlem ballroom, 1930s.

#59 African Americans waiting to vote at Public School 90 in Harlem.

#60 A parade of followers of Father Divine demonstrated in Harlem to protest against high rents, 1936.

#61 Police escorting suspects after a night of rioting in Harlem.

#62 Cab Calloway leads the band at the New Year’s celebration at the Cotton Club, 1937.

#64 Men conversing on a sidewalk on Lenox Avenue in Harlem.

#67 Spectators watching a parade on Lenox Avenue in Harlem.

#68 Pedestrians pass shops on a street in Harlem, 1930s.

#71 Children playing in water sprayed from a sprinkler in South Harlem, 1937.

#72 The marquee of the Cotton Club nightclub, early 1930s.

#74 A street scene in Harlem, the largest “Negro City in the World.”

#75 Pedestrians stroll down a sidewalk on a summer day in Harlem, 1935.

#76 Communist demonstration in Harlem at the funeral of Allad Luro on Lenox Avenue.

#77 Used clothing on sale on Park Avenue near 110th Street, Harlem, 1935.

#79 Outdoor market under the Eighth Avenue elevated train in Harlem, 1935.

#81 Crowds at the Lafayette Theatre in Harlem at the opening of Macbeth, 1936.

#82 Customers wait in line at the Dunbar National Bank in Harlem, 1933.

#84 A view down West 139th Street in the Striver’s Row area of Harlem, 1930s.

#85 Removal vans with furniture on the sidewalk in Harlem, 1930s.

#86 The 369th Infantry, the Harlem Hellfighters, marching in a parade, 1930s.

#87 The stump of the original “Tree of Hope” in front of the Lafayette Theater.

#88 The Cotton Club nightclub, featuring variety show performances, late 1930s.

#89 Police officer putting his club through the broken window of a shoe store after riots in Harlem, 1935.

#91 Cab Calloway leads an orchestra during a New Year’s Ball at the Cotton Club, 1937.

#92 A beauty shop in Harlem, the largest “Negro City in the World.”

#93 A chorus line dancing the cancan at the Cotton Club.

#94 New Yorkers outside a printing shop in Harlem, 1935.

#97 A street scene in Harlem, the largest “Negro City in the World.”

#98 The annual parade of the Universal Negro Improvement Association in Harlem, 1930.

#100 Acrobatic dancers performing onstage at the Cotton Club.

#101 A car with a sign for the ‘Pentecostal Faith Church’ parked on a street in Harlem, 1935.

#102 Police escorting the arrested to the courthouse after rioting in Harlem, 1935.

#104 Pedestrians in front of cars exiting the Triborough Bridge in Harlem, 1936.

#105 Children playing in a water-filled street in Harlem.

#106 Rosco Porter and Elizabeth Hart, winners of the Big Apple swing dancing contest.

#107 Alberta Dawson, Celestine Davis, and Gladys Taylor, winners of the swing dancing contest.

#108 Father Divine’s followers celebrate acquisition of new “heaven.”

#111 Supporters of Father Divine parade through Harlem, 1938.

#112 People celebrating Joe Louis’ victory in Harlem.

#113 Cars streaming over the Triborough Bridge on its opening day, 1936.

#114 Cars travel on the Triborough Bridge ramp to Astoria, Queens, 1936.

#117 Sign that reads “Whites Only” in Harlem, 1935.

#118 125th Street with the Apollo Theater in Harlem, 1938.

#119 Children playing leapfrog in a street in Harlem.

#120 Boarded residential building on the corner of Madison Avenue and East 133rd Street, Harlem, 1938.

#121 An Italian street vendor selling hot dogs at night in Harlem, 1935.

#122 Roma girls at a Roma camp at 143rd Street in Harlem, 1935.

#123 Woman walking in Harlem, 422-424 Lenox Avenue, 1938.

#124 Jesse Owens dancing with Bill Robinson and female dancers in the Cotton Club.

#125 Stores on the corner of Lenox Avenue after a night of rioting in Harlem.

#127 Harlem residents raise a toast after Joe Louis’ victory over Max Schmeling.

#128 Ernestine Rose working at the 135th Street branch of the New York City Public Library, 1930.

#129 Friends and relatives carry the casket of Morro Castle victim Miguel Lapolito through Harlem.

#131 Attorney Samuel Leibowitz addresses a crowd of citizens of Harlem in the Salem M. E. Church.

#132 A numbers headquarters at 351 Lenox Avenue in Harlem.

#133 Yankee Stadium and the Polo Grounds across the Harlem River, 1930s.

#134 Gov. Elmer Benson addresses a rally in Harlem, 1932.

#135 Women carry flags at a communist demonstration in Harlem, 1935.

#141 Man standing on steps, Church of God, 25 East 132nd Street, Harlem, 1936.

#142 Harlem Barber Shop on Main Street, Oxford, North Carolina, 1939.

#143 A procession of communists attends the funeral of a black member in Harlem, 1930s.

#144 Policeman talking with Harlem street kids, 1930s.

#147 Two women sitting in doorway of empty storefront in Harlem, 1930s.

Written by Makayla White

An amateur content creator and dreamer. I Run, Cycle, Swim, Dance and drink a lot of Coffee.

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